Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis) – A Comprehensive Study
Taxonomy & Classification
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Aves
- Order: Cuculiformes
- Family: Cuculidae
- Genus: Centropus
- Species: Centropus bengalensis
The Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis) is a small to medium-sized cuckoo species belonging to the family Cuculidae. Unlike many other cuckoos, it is non-parasitic and raises its own young. This bird is known for its secretive behavior, preference for dense undergrowth, and distinct seasonal plumage variations.
Morphology & Physical Description
- Size: 35–40 cm in length
- Wingspan: Approximately 45–50 cm
- Weight: 80–120 grams
- Plumage:
- Breeding Plumage: Rich rufous-brown upperparts with a glossy black head, throat, and underparts.
- Non-Breeding Plumage: More subdued with browner upperparts and less glossy black tones.
- Tail: Long and graduated, predominantly black with a slight greenish sheen.
- Beak: Short, robust, slightly curved, and black.
- Eyes: Deep red or dark brown, giving an intense gaze.
- Legs & Feet: Strong, blackish-grey, adapted for climbing through vegetation.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males and females are similar in appearance, though females are often slightly larger and bulkier than males.
Habitat & Distribution
The Lesser Coucal inhabits tropical and subtropical wetlands, grasslands, and dense mangrove forests, making the Sundarban a key part of its range.
Preferred Habitats:
- Mangrove forests and swampy wetlands
- Grasslands and reed beds
- Dense shrublands and bamboo thickets
- Cultivated fields with thick vegetation
Geographical Range:
The Lesser Coucal is distributed across:
- South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka)
- Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, and China)
Presence in the Sundarban
The Sundarban, being the world’s largest tidal mangrove forest, provides an ideal environment for the Lesser Coucal. This bird is particularly found in:
- Mangrove thickets along riverbanks and tidal creeks
- Grassy patches on the fringes of Sundarban’s dense mangrove forests
- Isolated forest clearings and wetland zones
The Lesser Coucal is a resident species in the Sundarban, meaning it does not migrate but remains within the region throughout the year. However, its secretive nature makes sightings rare, despite its stable population.
Feeding Behavior & Diet
The Lesser Coucal is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on a variety of small animals, including:
- Insects (grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars)
- Small reptiles (lizards, geckos, and skinks)
- Amphibians (frogs and tadpoles)
- Rodents and small mammals (occasionally)
- Bird eggs and nestlings
- Fruits and seeds (to a lesser extent)
Foraging Strategy:
- Ground-dwelling predator: Often seen moving stealthily through thick undergrowth.
- Slow, calculated hunting movements: Unlike most cuckoos, it does not rely on speed but ambushes prey.
- Climbs vegetation skillfully: Uses its strong feet and claws to navigate dense bushes.
Breeding & Nesting Behavior
- Breeding Season: Mainly May to September, coinciding with the monsoon season.
- Nest Type: A globular structure made of twigs, leaves, and grasses, hidden in thick vegetation.
- Eggs: 2–4 white eggs, incubated for 15–18 days.
- Parental Care:
- Both male and female share incubation duties.
- Chicks hatch altricial (blind and helpless) and require constant feeding.
Unlike parasitic cuckoos, the Lesser Coucal raises its own chicks, making it unique among members of the Cuculidae family.
Vocalization & Communication
The Lesser Coucal has a distinctive call, often heard during the breeding season:
- Deep, repetitive “whoop-whoop-whoop” sounds, similar to an owl.
- Low, guttural growls and croaks when threatened or communicating with a mate.
These vocalizations are commonly heard in the early mornings and late evenings, making it an audible yet elusive species.
Special Adaptations
- Cryptic Plumage:
- Its brown and black coloration helps it blend into dense undergrowth, avoiding predators.
- Strong Climbing Ability:
- Unlike other cuckoos, it moves through vegetation like a small raptor, using its strong feet.
- Silent Hunting Strategy:
- Instead of chasing prey, it stalks and ambushes using slow, precise movements.
- Heat Tolerance:
- Thrives in hot, humid environments like the Sundarban due to its thermoregulatory feathers.
Threats & Conservation Status
Despite being widely distributed, the Lesser Coucal faces several threats:
- Habitat Loss: Deforestation and land conversion reduce its natural habitat.
- Pesticide Use: Insecticide-laden food sources lead to poisoning.
- Hunting & Trapping: Though not a major target, it is sometimes hunted in local communities.
- Climate Change: Rising sea levels threaten Sundarban’s mangrove habitat.
IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)
The Lesser Coucal is currently not at risk of extinction, but continuous habitat degradation in places like the Sundarban may pose future risks.
Conclusion
The Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis) is a fascinating and highly adaptable bird thriving in dense vegetation, particularly in tropical wetlands like the Sundarban. Its stealthy nature, unique vocalizations, and non-parasitic breeding habits make it an important part of the ecosystem. While it is not endangered, ongoing conservation of mangrove forests and wetland ecosystems is essential to ensure its continued presence in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve.