Little Tern (Sternula albifrons): An In‑Depth Study of Biology, Ecology, and Estuarine Significance The Little Tern (Sternula albifrons) is one of the smallest and most delicate members of the tern family, renowned for its energetic flight, sharp plunge-diving skills, and close dependence on shallow coastal and inland waters. Despite its diminutive size, this species plays […]
Lesser Crested Tern (Thalasseus bengalensis): A Detailed Study of Biology, Ecology, and Coastal–Estuarine Significance The Lesser Crested Tern (Thalasseus bengalensis) is a striking seabird of tropical and subtropical coastlines, instantly recognizable by its elegant structure, buoyant flight, and vivid yellow bill. Closely associated with warm marine waters, estuaries, and productive coastal systems, this species […]
Common Tern (Sterna hirundo): A Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Study The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) is one of the most widely distributed and scientifically studied tern species in the world. Known for its elegant flight, sharp plunge-diving technique, and strong migratory instincts, this seabird plays a critical role in coastal and inland aquatic ecosystems. The […]
White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus): Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Presence in the Wetlands of the Indian Subcontinent The White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus) is a refined and agile marsh tern, widely admired for its contrasting plumage, buoyant flight, and close association with freshwater and brackish wetlands. Unlike coastal terns that dominate marine shorelines, this species is primarily […]
Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia): A Comprehensive Study of the World’s Largest Tern The Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) is the largest living member of the tern family and one of the most imposing seabirds found across the world’s coastal and inland waters. Distinguished by its massive wingspan, powerful red bill, and commanding aerial presence, this species […]
Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida): A Comprehensive Study of Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Presence in the Sundarbans The Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida) is a graceful, medium-sized tern species widely admired for its buoyant flight, elegant breeding plumage, and close association with inland wetlands, marshes, and coastal lagoons. Unlike many sea-oriented terns, this species demonstrates a remarkable […]
Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) – A Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Study Introduction The Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) is a distinctive and widely distributed species of tern, notable for its robust, gull-like bill and its highly versatile feeding ecology. Unlike many other terns that specialize in piscivory, this species demonstrates remarkable dietary flexibility, exploiting both aquatic […]
Slender-billed Gull (Chroicocephalus genei) – Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Profile Introduction The Slender-billed Gull (Chroicocephalus genei) is a refined and elegant member of the family Laridae, distinguished by its elongated bill, pale plumage, and graceful flight. Often associated with shallow coastal wetlands, saline lagoons, estuaries, and inland salt pans, this species represents a specialized ecological […]
Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus): A Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Study Introduction The Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) is one of the most widespread and ecologically versatile gull species across Eurasia and parts of Africa. Despite its common name, the species does not retain a fully black head throughout the year; instead, a deep chocolate-brown hood appears […]
Brown-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus): Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Dynamics with Special Reference to the Sundarbans The Brown-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus) is a highly adaptable medium-sized gull widely distributed across Asia, particularly known for its long-distance migratory behavior and remarkable ecological flexibility. During winter, this species becomes a familiar presence along rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and coastal […]