Ruff (Philomachus pugnax): Biology, Behavior, and Seasonal Ecology with Special Reference to the Sundarbans The Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) is among the most extraordinary and behaviorally complex migratory shorebirds of the Old World. Renowned for its dramatic sexual dimorphism, elaborate breeding displays, and long-distance seasonal movements, the Ruff occupies a unique position in avian ecological and […]
Dunlin (Calidris alpina): A Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Study Introduction The Dunlin (Calidris alpina) is one of the most widespread and scientifically studied small shorebirds of the Northern Hemisphere. Belonging to the sandpiper group, this species is particularly renowned for its extraordinary migratory endurance, complex plumage variation across seasons, and strong ecological association with coastal […]
Sanderling (Calidris alba): Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Presence with Special Reference to the Sundarbans The Sanderling (Calidris alba) is one of the most distinctive and widely studied migratory shorebirds of the Northern Hemisphere. Known for its energetic movements along wave-washed beaches and open mudflats, this small sandpiper has become a symbol of coastal resilience and […]
Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis): Detailed Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Presence in Asian Wetlands The Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis) is a small yet exceptionally dynamic migratory shorebird, renowned for its remarkable endurance and vast seasonal movements across hemispheres. Despite its delicate appearance and diminutive size, this species undertakes some of the longest migratory journeys among waders, […]
Little Stint (Calidris minuta): Comprehensive Biology, Ecology, and Seasonal Occurrence in Eastern Indian Wetlands The Little Stint (Calidris minuta) is among the smallest migratory shorebirds of the Old World, yet its ecological importance far outweighs its diminutive size. This species is a remarkable example of endurance and adaptability, undertaking long-distance migrations between Arctic breeding grounds […]
Temminck’s Stint (Calidris temminckii): A Detailed Ecological and Biological Study Temminck’s Stint (Calidris temminckii) is a small yet ecologically significant migratory shorebird belonging to the family Scolopacidae. Although modest in size, this species is renowned for its extensive transcontinental migrations and its strong association with freshwater wetland systems. Quiet, unobtrusive, and subtly patterned, Temminck’s Stint […]
Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea): A Detailed Biological and Ecological Exploration Introduction The Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) is a graceful long-distance migratory shorebird, admired for its slender, downcurved bill and striking transformation between breeding and non-breeding plumages. This species occupies a prominent position among Palearctic waders due to its vast migratory journeys, specialized feeding ecology, and […]
Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus): A Comprehensive Biological and Ecological Account Introduction The Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) is a distinctive medium-sized migratory wader renowned for its slightly upturned bill, long yellowish legs, and energetic feeding behavior. Unlike many sandpipers that forage quietly, this species is often conspicuous, actively running along shorelines and shallow waters. Distributed across […]
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola): Ecology, Identification, and Seasonal Dynamics The Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) is a graceful migratory wader renowned for its delicate build, finely spotted plumage, and preference for shallow freshwater wetlands. Belonging to the diverse sandpiper assemblage of the family Scolopacidae, this species occupies a significant ecological niche across Eurasia, Africa, and South […]
Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis): Ecology, Identification, and Seasonal Dynamics The Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) is a refined and slender wading bird belonging to the family Scolopacidae. Recognized for its graceful posture, elongated greenish legs, and delicate feeding behavior, this species occupies shallow wetlands across vast geographic regions. In South Asia, including the mangrove-dominated landscapes of […]