Ruff (Philomachus pugnax): Biology, Behavior, and Seasonal Ecology with Special Reference to the Sundarbans The Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) is among the most extraordinary and behaviorally complex migratory shorebirds of the Old World. Renowned for its dramatic sexual dimorphism, elaborate breeding displays, and long-distance seasonal movements, the Ruff occupies a unique position in avian ecological and […]